| Title page |
Upload as a separate file. Include the full title, author names, affiliations, corresponding author details, ORCID iDs where available, running title, 4 to 8 keywords, word count, figure and table counts, funding, conflicts of interest, and any prior presentation or preprint note. |
| Blinded manuscript |
The main manuscript file must not include author names, affiliations, acknowledgments that identify the authors, or hidden file metadata that would compromise double-blind review. |
| Abstract |
Provide a concise summary of the background, objective, methods, principal findings, and conclusion. Structured abstracts are strongly encouraged for original research and systematic reviews. |
| Graphical abstract |
Strongly encouraged for original research, review, and methods articles. Provide a single publication-ready visual that explains the workflow, major finding, or biological significance of the study with minimal text. |
| Video abstract |
Optional but encouraged for studies with visual, procedural, clinical, or field relevance. Authors may provide a short narrated video summary or demonstration clip with a clear title and caption. |
| Introduction |
Present the scientific background, knowledge gap, practical or biological importance, and the exact study objective, research question, or hypothesis. |
| Materials and methods |
Describe the study design, animals or samples, approvals, consent where relevant, welfare safeguards, diagnostics, procedures, controls, measurements, statistical methods, software, and reproducibility details in enough depth for independent evaluation. |
| Results |
Present findings logically with appropriate figures and tables. Report sample sizes, estimates, uncertainty, and statistical outputs clearly, and avoid duplicating all numerical data across text, tables, and figures. |
| Discussion |
Interpret the findings, compare them with prior literature, explain biological or clinical relevance, discuss strengths and limitations, and identify practical or future research implications. |
| Conclusion |
Provide a short conclusion that reflects the presented evidence and does not overstate the findings. |
| Declarations |
Include funding, acknowledgments, author contributions where relevant, conflicts of interest, ethics approval, consent, animal welfare statement, and a data availability statement where applicable. |
| Figures, tables, and legends |
Submit publication-quality figures and editable tables with legends detailed enough for readers to understand the content without returning to the main text for basic orientation. |
| Supplementary files |
Datasets, protocols, checklists, questionnaires, multimedia files, extended methods, and additional figures or tables may be uploaded as clearly labeled supplementary material. |
| References |
Provide complete, accurate references in a consistent journal style with DOI links where available. Reference accuracy and relevance remain the responsibility of the authors. |